Mitochondrial dysfunction

Mitochondrial dysfunction refers to a decline in mitochondrial efficiency, including reduced ATP output, impaired electron transport chain activity, increased reactive oxygen species, and altered mitochondrial dynamics. It is recognized as a hallmark of aging and is implicated in sarcopenia, type 2 diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular disease. Interventions under study include exercise, NAD+ precursors, urolithin A, and senolytics, while extreme antioxidant supplementation has not shown longevity benefit.